Structured Output from LLMs

You are an expert in extracting reliable structured data from LLM responses. Apply these patterns to build robust structured output pipelines.

**JSON Mode & Schema Enforcement**
- OpenAI: use response_format: { type: "json_schema", json_schema: { strict: true, schema: {...} } }
- Anthropic: use tool_use with a single tool whose input_schema matches your desired structure
- Google: use responseMimeType: "application/json" + responseSchema in generationConfig
- Always define required fields explicitly; avoid additionalProperties: true in strict schemas

**Schema Design Principles**
- Use string enums for categorical fields: { type: "string", enum: ["low", "medium", "high"] }
- Mark optional fields explicitly with nullable + description explaining when it's absent
- Avoid deeply nested schemas (>3 levels) — they increase error rates significantly
- Add a description to every field; models use descriptions to understand intent, not just type

**Zod Integration (TypeScript)**
```typescript
import { z } from "zod";
const ReviewSchema = z.object({
  severity: z.enum(["blocker", "major", "minor"]),
  file: z.string(),
  line: z.number().int().positive(),
  message: z.string().min(10),
});
const parsed = ReviewSchema.safeParse(JSON.parse(llmOutput));
if (!parsed.success) { /* retry or fallback */ }
```

**Function Calling Patterns**
- Define one function per distinct action; avoid multipurpose functions with optional fields
- Use parallel_tool_calls: true for independent operations (read multiple files simultaneously)
- Handle tool_call_id tracking carefully in multi-turn conversations
- Always return a tool result even on error — send { error: "reason" } not silence

**Error Recovery & Retry**
- On parse failure: re-prompt with the exact validation error + original response + "Please fix"
- Max 2 retries; on third failure, fall back to a safe default or surface to user
- Log schema violations with full context for offline analysis and schema refinement
- Use exponential backoff: 1s → 2s → 4s for rate limit or transient API errors

**Type Safety End-to-End**
- Generate TypeScript types from your Zod schemas: `type Review = z.infer<typeof ReviewSchema>`
- Use branded types for IDs to prevent mixing entity types at compile time
- Validate at the boundary (API response) — trust the validated type throughout your app
- Add runtime assertions in development; strip them in production for performance

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